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Un soumissionnaire évincé qui croit que la procédure de marché public conduite est constitutive d'une violation des lois correspondantes doit avoir accès à un contrôle et à un recours. Les procédures de contrôle des marchés publics sont destinées à offrir une voie de recours efficace aux soumissionnaires lésés. Cette étude vise à améliorer la compréhension et la connaissance de la façon dont les États-membres de l'UE1 organisent l'instruction des plaintes et les voies de recours. Il comprend un débat sur les motifs du choix de divers modèles. Il est à souhaiter que ce document incite les actuels et futurs pays-candidats, les autres pays-partenaires de Sigma et les États-membres de l'UE à entreprendre, si nécessaire, des actions pour améliorer la qualité des systèmes de contrôle et de recours. Un accent particulier sera porté, au plan juridique et institutionnel, sur la disponibilité des voies de recours dans le cadre de l'application de la directive 89/665/CEE sur les procédures de recours en matière de passation des marchés publics et de la directive 92/13/CEE sur les procédures de passation des marchés des entités opérant dans le secteur de l'eau, de l'énergie, des transports et des télécommunications. Cette étude jettera en outre la lumière sur la culture du contrôle et des recours et sur le fonctionnement de ces systèmes dans la pratique.

Governance --- European Union

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This study provides a comparative analysis of existing centralised purchasing institutions in selected EU Member States in terms of organisation, coverage, objectives and rationale, financing models, types of framework agreements and call-off systems, as well as the information technology used, and it examines success factors, risks and future challenges.

Governance --- European Union

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Top earners have become the subject of intense public and scholarly debate. This is the first paper that comprehensively documents the profiles of the 1% highest paid employees across 18 European countries. The data come from the largest harmonised source available, an employer-based survey that covers the labour income of 10 million employees, excluding the self-employed. The patterns that emerge are broadly common across countries. Workers in the top 1% tend to be 40 to 60 years old, be men, have tertiary education, work in finance or manufacturing, and be senior managers. The analysis also uncovers several cross-country differences. For example, top earners are younger in Eastern Europe, and they include more women in countries with higher overall female employment. The new estimates in this paper are similar to related ones based on administrative records in the few countries for which such studies exist, indicating that the sample is broadly representative of the characteristics of top earners.

Economics --- European Union

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Le respect des exigences communautaires en matière de contrôle budgétaire et financier qui constitue l’une des obligations fondamentales liées à l’adhésion à l’UE peut exiger, de la part des États Membres, une modification en profondeur de leurs procédures budgétaires nationales. La présente note de synthèse s’inspire de différents articles qui décrivent, de manière plus détaillée, l’expérience d’un échantillon d’États Membres.

Governance --- European Union

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European energy policy faces a number of interrelated challenges, including making the transition to a low–carbon economy, increasing cross–border competition in electricity and gas markets and diversifying Europe’s energy supply. The EU has developed a comprehensive strategy in all of these areas, encapsulated in 2020 targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, raising renewable energy and increasing energy efficiency. These targets are underpinned by an Emissions Trading Scheme, legally binding reduction commitments by member states for the emissions not covered by the trading scheme, the third energy liberalisation package and the Energy Security and Solidarity Plan. The steps the EU have taken are worthwhile but there is also room for improvement. To ensure that the transition to a low–carbon economy is achieved at a low cost, the EU should seriously consider including all transport sectors in the Emissions Trading Scheme when practical and appropriate, and ensure that only sectors rigorously identified as being at genuine risk of carbon leakage should continue to receive free allowances until 2020. Consideration should be given to making use of an EU–wide market instrument to deliver the EU’s renewable energy target, and it will be important to ensure that the 10% renewable transport fuel target efficiently achieves its objectives of sustainability and security of supply given the high cost of many renewable transport fuels. Measures to raise energy efficiency will have to be designed carefully so that the overall cost of mitigation is not raised. The Commission’s third energy market liberalisation package should be strengthened by requiring full ownership unbundling of transmission service operators and ensuring the powers of the proposed Agency for Co–operation of Energy Regulators are broad enough to contribute effectively to a truly single European energy market. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 Economic Survey of the European Union. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/EuropeanUnion)

Economics --- European Union